Gupta and Gupta demonstrated that nanometer-sized particles could be produced using food-grade biopolymers, e. Nanoparticles are added to various foods to increase flow properties, color, and stability during processing, or shelf-life.
For example, aluminosilicate materials are typically used as anticaking agents in powdered processed foods, whereas anatase titanium dioxide is a normal food whitener and brightener additive employed in sweets, some cheeses, and sauces Ashwood et al. The applications explored here were particularly chosen because they are the most likely nanofood products to be accepted by consumers in the short term. Thus, food nanotechnology is still young, and the future of this exciting field is still largely uncertain.
Regardless of how applications of nanotechnology in the food sector are ultimately marketed, governed, or perceived by the public, it seems clear that the manipulation of matter on the nanoscale will continue to yield exciting and unforeseen products.
Nanotechnology has used for alterations of the genetic structures of crop plants, thereby facilitating their improvement. Nanotechnology may offer in agronomic activities, with particular attention to critical features, challenging matters, and investigation needs for professional risk assessment and management in this developing field Prasad et al. Smart delivery of foods, a fast specimen of biological and chemical impurity, bioseparation of proteins and nano-encapsulation of nutritional supplements are some of the new areas of nanotechnology for food and agriculture Sozer and Kokini Reduced biosynthesis of chlorophyll by magnetic nanoparticles of Fe 3 O 4 induced a similar and statistically important decrease of chlorophyll and carotene levels of seedlings in sunflower Ursache-Oprisan et al.
The response of seedlings in Zea mays to the administration of the same range of Fe 3 O 4 NPs concentration caused by the decrease of chlorophyll while the seedlings of Cucurbita pepo showed a minor elevation of chlorophyll contents Racuciu et al. Thiruvengadam et al. However, in addition to plants, nanomaterials can also affect animals, such as Eisenia fetida earthworms , which evade AgNP-improved soil Shoults-Wilson et al. Nano-sized calcium carbonate was prepared by reaction of sodium carbonate and calcium chloride by the reversed-phase microemulsion technique and then loaded with the pesticide validamycin.
It exhibited excellent germicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani than validamycin later 7 days, and the time of the release of validamycin was prolonged to 2 weeks. The loading efficiency, stability, sustained-release performance and excellent ecological compatibility of the substance, the system for its use may be prolonged to another hydrophilic pesticide Qian et al. Guan and Hubacek encapsulated the imidacloprid with a coating of chitosan and sodium alginate via layer-by-layer self-assembly, increasing its growth rate in soil applications.
Moreover, as a vehicle for active materials pesticides, fertilizers, or plant growth regulators , nanoparticles can also be synthesized through catalytic oxidation—reduction. Subsequent use of these materials would decrease the quantity of these active constituents in the environment and reduce the time through which the environment is exposed to the effects of the nanomaterials.
Using nanotechnology to create new formulations has revealed significant potential in enlightening the efficiency and security of pesticides. The improvement of nano-based pesticide formulation aims at the complete release of necessary and adequate amounts of their active constituents in responding to environmental triggers and biological demands through controlled release mechanisms Zhao et al.
The nanoparticle-mediated transformation has the potential for genetic changes of plants for further development. The use of nanotechnology in plant pathology goals exact agricultural difficulties in plant—pathogen interactions and bring new ways for crop protection.
Nair et al. Some potential applications of nanoscale science, engineering, and nanotechnology for agriculture, expressly designed to improve and to protect agronomic yields and crop production as well as to detect and remediate environmental pollutants, have been addressed with attention focused on emerging occupational risks in this field Iavicoli et al. In conclusion, nanotechnology has become progressively important in the food industry.
Food innovation is observed as one of the sector areas in which nanotechnology will play a major part in the forthcoming. Nanofood packaging resources may widen nourishment life, upgrade food safety, prepared customers that food is sullied or destroyed, repair tears in packaging, and uniform release added substances to grow the life of the food in the package. To maintain leadership in food and food-processing industry, one must work with nanotechnology and nanobio-info in the future.
The future belongs to new products and new processes with the goal to customize and personalize the products. Improving the safety and quality of food will be the first step. Finally, nanotechnology enables to change the existing food systems and processing to ensure products safety, creating a healthy food culture, and enhancing the nutritional quality of food. The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest. Govindasamy Rajakumar, Email: rk. Ill-Min Chung, Email: rk.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List 3 Biotech v. Published online Jan Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Corresponding author. Received Oct 24; Accepted Jan 7. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology intend new and innovative applications in the food industry.
Introduction Nanoscience and nanotechnology are innovative scientific advancements that have been introduced only in this century. Nanotechnological applications in food industry Nanotechnology has been reported as the new industrial revolution, both developed, and developing countries are investing in this technology to secure a market share. Open in a separate window.
Framework for integrating nanoresearch areas and the food supply chain. Nano-encapsulation Nanotechnology can also facilitate encapsulation of drugs or other components for protection against environmental factors and can be used in the plan of food ingredients, e.
Packaging of food items Nanocomposites Nanocomposites are mostly exploited in the area of food packaging, as they are eco-friendly and biodegradable. Nanosensors Nanosensors in conjunction with polymers are used to screen food pathogens and chemicals during storage and transit processes in smart packaging.
Different types of nanosensors and examples of their use in the food sector. Table 1 Application of microfluidics lab-on-a-chip devices in the detection of mycotoxins. Food packaging The biodegradability of a packaging material can be augmented by integrating inorganic elements, for example, mud, into the biopolymeric medium and can be measured with surfactants that are utilized for the alteration of the layered silicate.
Benefits of nanomaterials in food packaging uses Bioactive-packaging materials can aid the oxidation of foodstuffs and avoid the development of off-flavors and unwanted textures. Benefits and risks of nanotechnology applications in food and related products. Application of nanotechnology in foods and bioactives Archaeosomes are a type of microbial lipid membrane resistant to oxidation, chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, low pH, high temperature, and the presence of bile salts due to the hostile living environment of Archaea microbes Mozafari Agriculture Nanotechnology has used for alterations of the genetic structures of crop plants, thereby facilitating their improvement.
Conclusions In conclusion, nanotechnology has become progressively important in the food industry. Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest. Contributor Information Govindasamy Rajakumar, Email: rk.
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Nanotechnology development in food packaging: a review. Nanotechnology in agriculture and food production. J Appl Environ Biol Sci. Some of these applications include; improved taste, flavor, color, texture … Expand. View 9 excerpts, cites background and methods. The Applications of Nanotechnology in Food Industry.
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. View 4 excerpts, cites background and methods. A Literature Review of Nanotechnology. Many sectors, including information technology, electricity, environmental science, pharmacy, home security, food safety and transport allow nanotechnology to significantly improve and even … Expand. View 1 excerpt, cites background. Trends and challenges of biopolymer-based nanocomposites in food packaging. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety.
This review paper seeks into the present side of nanotechnology. It accords a compact painting of nanotechnology, preparing and its application in different fields such as solar cell, Robotics, … Expand. Nanotechnology has a great role in food industry in terms of processing, packaging, preservation and storage. Nanotechnology provides a wide variety of possibilities in food industry applications. Many aspects associated with the application of nanotechnology to agricultural activities are still unknown.
In particular, there is not enough information on nanotoxicology in crops and we do not … Expand. Nanocomposites of hydroxyapatite with aspartic acid and glutamic acid and their interaction with osteoblast-like cells. Materials Science, Medicine. Highly Influential. View 4 excerpts, references background. The concentration of silver nanoparticle solutions is calculated using the Beer-Lambert law, which correlates the optical density OD, a measure of the amount of light transmitted through a solution with concentration.
Due to the linear relationship between OD and concentration, these values can be used to quantify the concentration of nanoparticle solutions. The diffracted intensities were recorded from to at 2 theta angles. The diffraction pattern corresponds to pure silver metal powder. The XRD pattern indicates that the nanoparticles had a spherical structure. No peaks of the XRD pattern of Ag2O and other substances should appear so that it can be stated that the obtained silver nanoparticles had a high purity.
The broadening of peaks and noise were probably related to the effect of nanosized particles and the presence of various crystalline biological macromolecules in the plant extracts. Das et al. The diameter of the Silver nano particles was determined.
A scanning electron microscope SEM is a type of electron microscope that images a sample by scanning it with a beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern. The electrons interact with the atoms that make up the sample producing signals that contain information about the sample's surface topography, composition, and other properties such as electrical conductivity.
Basavaraj et al. In view of wide applications of silver nano particles in recent years many methods are available to synthesize them. More stress was given to prepare silver nano particles by eco-friendly method. These silver nanoparticles had shown good anti-bacterial activity.
The following is the literature review which gives evidence for the preparation of phyto silver nano particles using different plant extracts. Asmita et al. This green synthesis method is alternative to chemical method, since it is cheap, pollutant free and eco- friendly.
Results showed that Neem and Triphala plays an important role in the reduction and stabilization of silver to silver nanoparticles. Further, these synthesized silver nanoparticles from Neem and Triphala had shown antibacterial activity on both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Rajesh and co workers presented a simple and ecofriendly biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles using Ulva fasciata crude ethyl acetate extract as reducing and capping agent. Ulva fasciata based bionanoparticles inhibited the growth of Xanthomonas campestris pv.
Thus synthesized silver nanoparticles was assessed against fungal and bacterial culture and reported that silver nanoparticles has efficient antimicrobial activity. Yuet Ying Loo et al. The XRD analysis showed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles are of face-centered cubic structure. Well-dispersed silver nanoparticles with an approximate size of 4 nm were observed in the TEM image. Ravindra et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles may be influenced directly or indirectly by phytochemicals in plants such as phenolics, flavonoids and diosgenin compounds.
These silver nanoparticles were found to be highly toxic against different multi drug resistant clinical samples such as gram- positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Geetha and co workers reported green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Chromolaena odorata leaf extract at room temperature.
UV—Vis absorption shows a characteristic absorption peak of silver nanoparticles at nm. The structure and composition of silver nanoparticles were analysed by XRD. FTIR measurement was carried out to identify the possible biomolecules. The morphology and size distribution of prepared silver nanoparticles varied with the concentration of the Cynodon dactylon extract used.
The UV-Vis spectrum of silver nanoparticle in aqueous solution shows an absorbance peak around nm. The Silver nanoparticles displayed efficient antimicrobial activity towards most of the tested fungal and bacterial cultures.
The cytotoxicity of the prepared silver nanoparticles was investigated using a cancer cell lines. Ravindra Malabadi et al. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was assessed by using disc diffusion method against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and study clearly indicated that silver nanoparticles synthesized from plant extracts of Clitoria ternatea has many pharmaceutical applications for the control of deadly pathogens.
Pantelis Kouvaris et al. The nanoparticles obtained have been characterised and verified with various techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy and FTIR.
Sivakumar et al. The results recorded from UV-Vis spectrum, scanning electron microscope, X- ray diffraction and Fourier transform infra red spectra. These supported the biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles. The possibility of protein as a stabilizing material has silver nanoparticles revealed by FTIR analysis.
The silver phyto nanoparticles were isolated from these herbal leaves and tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. Coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, and Salmonella. The maximum inhibitory effect using 3mM silver nitrate against the microbes were reported. Ponarulselvam et al. It has been proven to be active against malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Geethalakshmi et al. The silver and gold nanoparticles showed strong activity against all microorganisms tested.
Akl et al. Further, silver nanoparticles showed effective antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella sp. Mehrdad Forough and Khalil Farhadi synthesized stable silver nanoparticles by the bioreduction method. Aqueous extracts of the manna of hedysarum plant and the soap-root Acanthiphylum bracteatum plant were used as reducing and stabilizing agents, respectively. The average diameter of the prepared nanoparticles in solution was about nm.
Sougata Ghosh et. Pramila et al. The antimicrobial susceptibility test, including minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration MIC and MBC were determined. The methanolic extract was found to contain tannins and flavonoids, with considerable free radical scavenging activity. The plant extract showed antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Acetobacter, Staphylococcus aureus and two fungi such as Candida albicans, Candida glabrata.
The mint leaf methanolic extract showed considerable antibacterial and antifungal activity against selected bacteria and fungi. Above review suggests that silver nanoparticles had been prepared by using various plant extracts, which are rich in antioxidant principles.
Nanoscale materials have attracted considerable interest for their potential applications in the fields of electronics, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, etc Rosi,. The properties of nanomaterials strongly depend on their composition, size and shape. Puntes, et al ; Burda, et al So, it is of enormous importance and an essential requirement for nanotechnology to produce nanomaterials with desired composition, size and distribution. Up to now, considerable efforts have been made to develop controlled and reproducible synthetic methods for nanomaterials, especially for metal nanoparticles NPs , like Au NPs and Ag NPs etc.
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